Opening Analysis | Goodfellas

Goodfellas is a 1990 Biography, Crime and Drama movie directed by Martin Scorsese (ALSO THE BEST MOVIE FOREVER). It stars Ray Liotta, Joe Pesci and Robert Di Niro as gangsters during the 50’s, 60’s, 70’s and 80’s. The opening of this movie is rather dark and brings the audience right into the life of a gangster.

Firstly, the opening credit titles of the movie are rather strange in comparison to the genres of the movie. The titles speed past, with accompanying sounds of cars speeding past. Normally, you would associate this with an action, even racing movie. However, it could be used here to represent the fast, dangerous world of gang life, the rush of excitement and the danger it brings. It also serves another purpose. As mentioned earlier, there are sounds of cars speeding past in time with the text. This is actually diegetic and the sounds of actual cars driving past, as shown by the following shots of the three main characters above driving. This could have been done because at this moment and when they are driving the audience is unaware that they have a dying man in the boot of their car, the same as the cars driving past. It puts us into the same position as the other drivers, completely unaware of the life these people lead, and that they could be anyway, and you would not even notice. Heightening the reality as well as excitement of the movie, strongly linking it to the crime genre also.

The titles are also shown in a specific order: ‘Warner Bros. Presents’ – ‘An Irwin Winkler Production’ – ‘A Martin Scorsese Picture’ – ‘Robert Di Niro’ – ‘Ray Liotta’ – ‘Joe Pesci’ – ‘Lorraine Bracco’ – ‘And Paul Sorvino’. The titles are placed in order of importance, Warner Bros being the largest movie companies would obviously have a front row position. Martin Scorsese, a much respected director, very well acclaimed. Robert Di Niro even comes before Ray Liotta, despite not being the main character, due to his fame and position in the acting world. The order is purposely done to introduce the big stars, the heavy hitters, to the audience in order to create excitement, to increase the interest in the movie. This may have also been done to relate to the genres, Robert Di Niro is very well known for his crime and drama movies, especially at the time this movie was released. By showing him first, it can directly appeal to the target audience of the Crime and Drama genres.

The final title of the opening: “This film is based on a true story” also relates to the genres. Of course, this directly links to the Biography genre, but the audience, knowing this is also a Crime/Drama starring Robert Di Niro, can expect a very tense movie. This, combined with the knowledge that this is based on a true story, increases the tension greatly, as the realism is increased. Demonstrating how the opening titles are used effectively.

The first shot of the movie is a mid shot showcasing the back of car before panning round to the side. The shot itself establishes a rather uncanny effect. While what is shown would usually be considered normal, the use of mise en scene and sound crates a foreboding effect. Firstly, there is a distinct lack of music during the shot, or many sounds altogether, (the only dominant one being the diegetic engine of the car). It raises numerous enigma codes, the audience would expect some ambient sounds or radio music, but instead receive just the sound of the engine. It's almost too quiet. The lack of sounds creates what would normally be a common sight into something more menacing, almost as if the car is hiding something, attempting to be inconspicuous. This idea is developed by the fact that the car is travelling in what seems to be an empty road, very late at night. The low key light not only disables the audience from seeing where the car is headed, creating tension as well as questions, but it, again, has connotations with trying to keep hidden, the idea of keeping in the shadows. This links in with the themes of the opening as well as the overarching themes of the movie. In fact, the only lights within this shot are the rear lights, a searing red colour protruding from the back of the car. Red is commonly associated with danger, it has negative connotations but also draws attention to itself. By using these red rear lights, the audience's attention is drawn to the boot of the car, possibly foreshadowing the end of the opening as well as, one more time, creating a foreboding tone throughout the shot. The audience is unaware of what is happening but through the use of media techniques the atmosphere created is unsettling, making the opening far more intense and engrossing to the audience.

The next shot is equally important, albeit for different reasons. The mid shot showcases the three main characters of the movie: Henry Hill (Ray Liotta), James Conway (Robert Di Niro) and Tommy DeVito (Joe Pesci) sitting inside the car. Jimmy is asleep and Tommy is sitting relaxed in the back while Henry drives. The car is dimly lit and overall has a very relaxed atmosphere. Even when the diegetic sounds of emerging from the boot begin, it still maintains that tone. Henry, swearing, suggest that the relationship is friendly. This is done for a specific purpose. It directly contrasts with not only the previous shot, but the following shots also. This juxtaposition is to demonstrate the unsettling nature of the gangster lifestyle. It emphasises the fact that these people think that murder, arson and drugs are part of everyday, normal life. Car headlamps in the background suggest that these people are living in plain sight, but you cannot tell because, as shown in the previous shot, they blend. Combine this with the 'true story' title, and you create a very tense opening, brining the realism of a Biopic and an opening that quickly introduces you to this life, again, through the use of specific media techniques.

The next shot is a long shot of the three men standing behind the car, the red headlamps illuminating them. Again, a similar lighting effect is employed that was used in the first shot. The red representing danger, it is a very negative colour and foreshadows the events of the opening and the themes of the movie. The light also illuminating the main characters gives connotations into their lives, and the danger but exciting themes associated with it. The rest of the shot is still dimly lit, the only lit items being the characters and the boot of the car. This, again, suggests that they are hiding this life, making the whole movie far more realistic and therefore tense. The use of light also only draws attention to the car and the actors, and my highlight the fact that men are friend, as they bask in the same light, as well as the same profession, continuing that idea from the second shot.

This next shot also highlights the relationship between the actors, as well as continuing the theme of staying hidden. Within the shot, you see James Conway and Tommy DeVito exchange glances as the camera moves closer, becoming a mid-shot from a long shot. The camera moving closer, hiding more of the background and showcasing the characters could represent their relationship, a close, friendly one, which relates to the themes of the movie in the fact that your gangster friends become your family, or your life. The shot also shows Joe Pesci’s character reaching into his suit jacket pocket for what we assume is a weapon of some sort, yet it remains hidden from the audience. This could also represent the ideas of hiding in plain sight, which were similarly explored in previous shots. This is emphasised by the following shots in which this weapon is actually a large knife. This subverts the audience’s expectations, many would expect this to be a gun. The fact a knife is used demonstrates the brutality of the gangster lifestyle and continues the following themes of hiding something dangerous in plain sight. Increasing the tension of the movie; keeping the audience entertained. This shot is also a slight high-angle, further developing the connotations of danger and power suggested earlier, as the subject targets appear larger and looming.

Once the three men open the boot of the car the audience are greeted with a bloodied man begging for his life in a raspy voice. This is perhaps the most important shot in the opening, in any case, the scene showing the death of this character is definitely the most important. Several media techniques are utilised here to bring the audience right into the life of gangster. The shot continues to employ the red lights of the car, highlighting the danger of living like this, as well as the danger that this bloodied man was in. The lights in previous shots were almost foreshadowing the man in the boots eventual death. The camera is also shot at a low-angle, contrasting with the previous shot (being the high angle), creating a greater impression that this man is weak, not only in comparison to the other three, but also to the audience. This could possibly make the scene darker as they are killing a man weaker then them already, demonstrating their ruthlessness. The sound is also key during this shot. While there is some diegetic ambient tone, the main thing the audience can hear is just this man begging Joe Pesci's character not to kill him. This, again, makes him seem weaker, makes the kill far less justified from the audience's perspective, and continues to show the life of a gangster as being brutal. This is backed up by the following shot showing Joe Pesci's character stabbing the man multiple times. This shot is also effective as, obviously a knife is a very brutal weapon, the multiple stabbings emphasising this, but also the fact that the camera does not cut away from the stabbing, the audience experiences it right before their eyes, the true life of a gangster.

And the final act of this brutality is committed in the next shot. Robert Di Niro's character stands over the boot and unloads four rounds of his revolver into the man. This is similar to the stabs, in which an excessive use of force is delivered, again, demonstrating the brutality of this life. However, the use of a mid shot also allows the audience to see all three men stand there and watch this display of brutality. Each character stands over the boot and looks down as the man is riddled with bullets. Not only does this emphasise the brutality, as it shows a three on one scenario, the shot also does not show the man in the boot of car when he is being shot from this angle, almost like the three are attacking a man already down on the ground, just to be more violent. The diegetic sounds of the gun and the bullets tearing into the flesh again devour any of the diegetic ambient sounds of insects, just to draw attention to the violent nature of this life and scene. The shooting segment ends with a close up of the blood on the white sheets covering the man. This could be the ultimate symbol of gangster life: the fact that no matter what, blood will be spilled.

The final shot of the opening holds several connotations into, not the life of a gangster, but why these people get involved with this lifestyle. To start, similar to before, a high angle shot of Ray Liotta's character is used to, again, show power, maybe suggesting why these people get involved in this life. The shot shows him slamming down the boot of the trunk, almost as if blocking out what just happened, removing it from the scene, choosing to ignore it. Combine this with his diegetic monolouge: “As far back as I can remember I always wanted to be a gangster” and his unconcerned face. Not only does the audience now realise that this is the life of a gangster, but that these people involved are used to this, this is their life, their job. This may catch the audience of guard, as this is not how most people would react to a situation like this, it does, however, create a great sense of character for these men. The shot ends with a freezeframe of Ray Liotta's character's face, encompassing these people's reactions to their lives: it is their job and the non-diegetic song “Rags to Riches” by Tony Bennett beings to play. The song encompasses the time the movie is set in, as well as providing a juxtaposition from the previous scene, perhaps further developing the characters, not only is this their life, they enjoy it, as demonstrated by the upbeat song. The title of the movie then pops up in the same fashion as previous titles, however, this time the text is in red. This could continue the theme of danger present throughout, combined with the fast movment of the text, the audience gets the idea that gangster life is exciting, tense and full of danger, all in an effort to gain their interest.

Hopefully by now you will be able to see how different media techniques are employed throughout the opening to give the audience valuable information. They learn that this is a dangerous, but exciting life, and that these kinds of people may be around us in plain sight. This greatly increases the tension as well as the excitement factor the audience has going into the movie, demonstrating the effectiveness of the opening.

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Opening Analysis | Terminator 2

Terminator 2 is a 1991 Sci-Fi, Action movie directed by James Cameron. The film is set in during its release date, however, the opening takes place in the future during the aftermath of a nuclear war in which humanity faces a new threat: Androids.

The main purpose of the opening is to give the rest of the movie taking place meaning. The audience is shown the apocalyptic future that houses the remainder of humanity right from the start. This sets the tone of the movie as the consequences of the failure of John Connor surviving results in the end of humanity, which greatly increases the tension throughout the film. The main purpose of the opening is to provide background information to the audience and, more importantly, to drive home the point that if John Connor dies, so does the species. The opening employs multiple media techniques to enforce this idea.

Right from the start, these ideas are put into place. There are no titles and no music. By removing these artificial elements, the height of the realism is greatly increased, which in turn increases the tension as the stakes of the human race are heighted, as the threat is very real. The first shot is very effective in showing the despotic future. It features a skeleton pressed against the steering wheel of an abandoned wrecked car. The skeleton here, obviously, represents the death of humanity and points to the outcome of humans if John Connor dies. The fact the skeleton is in the car is also important. The car is a huge part of human life: they are everywhere and for most people essential devices. While a skeleton could represent the end of humanity, it could also just emphasise a singular death. By showing the destruction of an essential human device, it represents the end of the human way of life in general. We are dying and so is how we live. Demonstrating the effectiveness of this scene. The shot being a mid-shot also allow it to encompass more. While the focus is on the skeleton, the audience can also see numerous destroyed cars as well as buildings. All of these are representative of our species and seeing them destroyed on such a massive scale emphasises the current state of humanity and what would happen if John Connor dies. This point is further shown by the camera pans out and reveals an extreme long shot of numerous destroyed cars and buildings. The fact the shot is extremely long shows the sheer scale of destruction and foreshadows the potential devastation if John Connor were die, greatly increasing the tension throughout the movie.

At twenty-three seconds a similar tactic is employed. The shot shows a child's play park desecrated by the nuclear war. This is done for very similar reasons to the previous shot, as it shows a key representation of humanity destroyed. The fact the shot is a play park is possibly more effective than before as children are often seen as innocent, so the shot could infer that not even the most innocent people are safe unless John Connor lives.

However, the most important representation of these connotations takes place at forty-one seconds in:

This close up of the skull being shattered by the stomp of an android. Simply put, the skull is the ultimate representation of humanity and the shot being close up only makes it more personal. The shot is also low angle on the skull, showing how humanity is seen as weak and dying at the moment. The skull is shattered, not only showing the state of the species at the moment but also the end of the species if the Terminator fails and John Connor dies. This shot that pans into a high-angle mid shot of the terminator that crushed the skull. Not only did this machine crush humanity, but the high-angle shot makes it out that these robots are far superior to humans, again, demonstrating the consequences of the movies narrative.

A shot at fifty-five seconds enforces this idea, showing caterpillar tracks traversing over a pile of human skulls. The large amount of skulls demonstrates the sheer destruction of humanity while the caterpillar tracks are a bold reminder of war and reinforces the fact humans are in a very deep struggle:

The following shots decrepit a full-scale battle between humans and robots. The scenes make effective use of juxtapositions and camera angles, as well as mise en scene to further develop the narrative situation of the opening.

Firstly, the juxtaposition takes place by showing the weaponry at disposal between the two opposing factions in the war. We are shown the androids with advanced tank-looking vehicles as well as flying artillery. It is all very futuristic and also has strong links to Sci-Fi, one of the films genres. In comparison, we see the humans ONLY war vehicle being a rusted truck. There is a huge contrast between the tech being fought, which again creates the image that humans are on their last legs, as well as the fact that the androids are superior. 

This idea is also demonstrated through the camera angles. The shots of the robot's weaponry mainly consist of high-angle shots, which as mentioned earlier, gives a sense of power or superiority to the machines.

These scenes also showcase numerous deaths of human soldiers, many killed by lasers (again, Sci-Fi links),others by explosions (links to action genre). This is important as not only appeals to the target audience, the fans of those genres, very early in the movie thus gauging their interest, it also shows that humans are being wiped out by these machines in large numbers. This links to the consequences of the narrative which in turn increases the intensity and suspense of the whole movie, as well as linking to the Sci-Fi genre.

The sound is also another important aspect in this opening. As soon as the the intro begins, the only sounds are diegetic, ambient noises of wind and creaking metal. This is effective as it creates a strong sense of emptiness or desolation, the idea that there is no life, it is completely void. Not only does this link to the previous ideas of the end of human existence, but it could also link to the idea of the androids. There is no life, but there are robots. The text during the first shot also has similar connotations, saying:'Los Angles 2029AD' In 1991, this would still be a long time away, as it is now, however, in both cases, this time is the near future, its a future that exists within our lifetime, making the connotations of the end of the human race far more scary and bleak.

During the opening there is also a monologue performed by the character: Sarah Conner. This non-diegetic voice-over is important is it provides the audience with the context of the opening, making the previously demonstrated connotations far more effective, as they now understand what is at stake. The speech itself is also effective in demonstrating the scale of the destruction: saying “Three billion human lives ended...”. This is a surprising figure that may catch the audience off guard, gaining their interest, as well as painting a bleak picture for the survival of humanity. The fear factor of this raised higher by the fact that it is stated that this event took place in 1997, a mere six years after the films release. This harks back to the idea of the event taking place within our lifetimes. It increases the tension dramatically when the audience feels involved with the world, demonstrating how sound is used to effect in the opening.

Sound is also used to create links to the Sci-Fi genre in the opening. The battle is very futuristic, with laser guns being fired and impossible looking machinery. The sounds used here all feel very spacey, combined with the scenes of all out-war raging between the machines and humans, the whole opening has strong connections to both Sci-Fi and Action.

There is also non-diegetic music taking place during the fighting scenes. The music itself is very held-back for the most part, it is mainly just a pulsating tone. This itself has links to the the sounds of machines, that consistent, mechanical sound groaning as it moves. It feels very alien and unnatural, the opposite of a human. The music also has some very sharp, shrill tones during scenes when humans are killed (I.e 1:09 seconds in), potentially increasing the scare factor and the disturbing nature of his opening. However, there are also scenes where the music is inaudible, adding to the realism of the opening, which in turn increases the tension as it makes the whole event seem very real and therefore more plausible. Demonstrating how sound is used effectively during the opening.

The editing used during this opening is very simple. There is only one transition used and that is at the very end of the opening, in which a shot of John Conner fades into an explosion, which could show the human race being wiped away, (this also corresponds with the monologue at the time, which outlines the machine's mission to kill John Conner). For the most part, however, there is very little editing used. The very start, before the fighting, consists of only two shots, which pan and showcase the environment. This lack of editing movement or cuts not only increases the realism and therefore tension, but also this lack of movement could link to a lack of life, as nothing is moving. When the action sequence of the opening commences, there are numerous fast cuts, which is strongly linked to the action genre of this movie.

In conclusion, Terminator 2's opening employs the use of many media techniques in some areas, like camera work or mise en scene, and little in others to portray a bleak vision of the human existence. The techniques used  all come together to paint a realistic, and therefore scarier, environment, giving the audience context into the movie, (which only increases the tension) as well as demonstrating the genres within the first few minutes, appealing to the target audience.

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Title Analysis #2

Moon

Moon is a Sci-Fi, Drama directed by Duncan Jones in 2009 featuring Sam Rockwell, who stars as Sam Bell, an astronaut working in an energy station on the surface of the moon.

The font used for the title does share connotations with the idea of Sc-Fi, it appears very sleek, clean, almost perfect-looking. The design is very smart and this of course has strong links to the ideas of Sc-Fi, being futuristic and advanced. The text also has deeper connotations rooted within it. There are large spacings in-between each letter in the title and this could suggest two things: One, large spacings between letters is commonly associated with computers/computing, usually to make text distinguishable as well as the fact that cursive is very difficult to pull when typed. Two, the large gaps could represent the idea of isolation, each one being separated greatly from one another and not linked in any way, emphasizing loneliness, an overarching tone of the movie. This idea is backed up by the images on the screen. Firstly: the Earth. Not only is it shown as being in the abyss of space, it is also separate from the Moon and the title itself, suggesting the idea that civilization and other humanly contact is distant, bringing forward ideas of loneliness. This is also combined with the text itself being featured on the dark side of the moon for the last few seconds of the shot. Not only are you miles away from human contact, they cannot even see you, cutting any threads connected to home. It could be argued that not showing the Earth at all would make these ideas more effective, however, by showing that contact is possible, it makes the experience far more lonely when contact is not being shared. Returning to the idea of the dark-side of the moon, the blackness of this slowly creeps over and behind the title as the camera tilts down to show the Earth. This creates a foreboding tone right from the start, a potential threat that something is wrong, which, if you have seen the movie, will make A LOT of sense.

Sound is not as effective in this opening as it was in my previous analysis, but it still works to some effect, There is a non-diegetic score playing during this title, which is an orchestrated piece. The music itself sounds large but hopeful for the most part, however, during this title segment, a sheer tone can be heard before fading into curious piano sounds. This adds to the foreboding tone mentioned earlier. For the most part though, this piece of music is actually rather uplifting, the piano pieces sounding rather fun. This could play into the uncanny valley idea, or a situation of false sense of security, although the overall tone is positive, the foreboding sound plus connotations of the text/image could suggest that things are not what they seem, and although it seems innocent enough, as shown with the analysis of the text, there may be serious problems. And if you have seen the movie, again, this is rather interesting.

The only notable editing techniques used here is the fade in from black. Although its more of the camera panning down from the darkness of the moon to reveal the title. This could link to the monologue given during the opening which speaks about how far mankind has come in the premise of this moving, almost as if emerging from the dark into a brighter future, linking to the uplifting ideas of the music and the sleek design of the text. However, this may also suggest that this darkness is approaching the Earth, or effectively the human link in the title sequence, again creating a foreboding atmosphere right from the start. Also, the idea of this segment starting in pitch blackness could link back to the ideas of loneliness presented earlier, the idea that complete isolation is not far away at all.

The smaller titles within the opening are vastly different from this one. The text appears almost 3D and built into the surroundings. The order of which they appear in is not very important. It lists all the production companies off first before naming several of the actors. The main focus of these titles is to create links with the sci-fi genre and showcase the set of the movie. As mentioned earlier, the text is appears almost built into the set, aligned with the running machine or walls. The text itself is very sleek and shiny. All of these points have connotations with the sci-fi genre, the sleekness feeling very futuristic and the blending into the environment feels ergonomic towards the set, strongly linking into the sci-fi genre. However, the main focus of the text blending into the surroundings is to show the surroundings, which gave a far greater impression of the main genre of the movie than any other factor, by placing them within these shots, the audience's attention is shifted onto these locations and, seeing the strong connections to sci-fi, may strongly appeal to the film's target audience.

In conclusion, the title segment for Moon employs numerous amounts of techniques and designs to create an effect of a positive scientific future, yet an unnerving and unsure future about humanity, or the representation of humanity in the form of Sam Bell. The title sets a precedent for the events of the movie, in the fact that things are not always what they seem.

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Title Analysis #2

Children Of Men

Children Of Men is a 2006 Sci-Fi, Thriller and Drama movie written and directed by Alfonso Cuarón that takes place in 2027, in which nearly every women on the planet has become infertile.

The font of the title itself does not hold many representations or connotations of the movie; the font being very plain and simple struggles to link it to conventions of Sci-Fi or Thriller. However, it could be inferred that by not doing anything flashy or impressive it raises the severity of the film's scenario, almost as if saying: “This is not a story”. By making the title very simple, it almost mimics real life and feels official, like something you would see on an important document. This enhances the movie as by increasing the realism, you also increase the danger, the severity, which in turn raises the suspense and excitement of the movie. The font also being in bold and upper-case links to this idea of raising the severity and realism of the movie. The font style itself shows little link to the film being Sci-Fi, however, the connotations as discussed earlier do show strong links to Drama, and also potentially Thriller.

The sound used in this title sequence is arguably the most important factor in its impact on the movie: a diegetic, sharp, ringing alarm sound that resonates through the duration of the title above. The sound itself is the remnant of the scene before, in which a building explodes and woman's scream fades out into the tile. Alarms are normally associated with the warning of emergency or if something is wrong, often they herald impending danger and this alone helps to develop the film. The fact an alarm sounds during the title already suggests that the world is in crisis, and, if the world were not already in peril, it suggests that something devastating is soon to occur. Not only does this have strong connotations with the theme of the movie, but also the genres: It raises suspense greatly and, again, links back to the severity of the situation, both of which are strong components in Drama and Thriller, demonstrating the effect that diegetic sound has on the title. Also, the fact that the women's scream fade out into the title could suggest that the human race is already doomed and dying out, an over-arching theme of the movie which also links to the bleak tones throughout, showing how sound is used effectively to make a title.

There is little amounts of editing used in the title sequence, the text only appears white against black backgrounds and do not transition in any interesting fashion except cutting into each other. This itself can be dramatic, however, the lack of accompanying music fails to really heighten this effect. However, the lack of distinguishing editing or non-diegetic music could serve to amplify the realism of the movie, again increasing the suspense of the entire film. The other titles are nearly identical to the film's title, if only smaller, which could enhance the film's title, and thus the effects discussed previously.

Another important factor could also be the fact that there are only four titles used throughout the entire opening. One of which being the title: 

 This could have been done to improve the realism of the movie, less text and unrealistic title cards and more harrowing sounds or action. This, again, links to the Drama and Thriller genres as you want the audience to feel within the world to a greater effect, as it will dramatically increase the excitement and suspense.

In conclusion, the titles for this movie are all very standard, there are not crazy fonts or colours, just a bleak depiction of mankind through the use of the simple font and diegetic sounds. It does not need a flashy logo because the connotations of the text, the editing and the sound all serve the purpose of creating an image of hopelessness and crisis, as well as the overall themes of the movie. Demonstrating the effectiveness of titles through the use of media techniques.

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Script Example

Another course I am taking part in whilst doing Media is Creative Writing. In this subject I was required to produce a script that could be used for an official screenplay. This included making sure the measurements of the text and the layout were to industry standard. Check below to see the short script example!

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Preliminary Task

Below see my final Preliminary Task, which demonstrates my ability frame shots effectively, as well as work in a group to edit and use sounds successfully. Watch now!
(October 17th)

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Preliminary Task | Editing Workshop

Below are two video examples of an editing workshop I took part in to understand how to effectively use editing techniques to create professional and believable scenarios. The first video displays continuity editing, while the second demonstrates parallel editing. Enjoy! (Please not the recordings are not ours).
(October 1st)

#1

#2

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Preliminary Task | Shot Examples

See below examples of images taken during the course which highlight the importance of shot-type and angle as well as a started in how to use mise en scene within media, a good introduction into the A-Level. (September 25th)

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Introduction!

Howdy!

I'm Ben Hewitt, A-Level Media student at Chichester High School Sixth Form. On this blog I will post frequent updates relating to my work during my course, and show my development in my understanding and production of my main task: to create a movie title sequence! My blogger page will be the main output for updates and news on this venture.

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